小学英语语法汇总

2018-05-16

  可数名词与不可数名词“分家”

  一、 可数名词与不可数名词的区别

  普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的,这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体,如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物,如people, family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质,如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念,如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。

  二、 可数名词的家务事

  可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时,用单数形式;指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:

  1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如:

  book → books room → rooms

  house → houses day → days

  2. 以s, ss, ch, sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 。如:

  bus → buses glass → glasses

  watch → watches

  dish → dishes box → boxes

  3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如:

  city → cities body → bodies

  factory → factories等等。

  4. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如:

  half → halves leaf → leaves

  knife → knives wife → wives

  5. 特例 [悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。]

  ① child → children

  ② man → men woman → women

  policeman → policemen

  (规律:man → men)

  ③ tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes

  [悄悄话: 初中英语以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,

  其余的当然加-s喽!如:photo → photos ]

  ④ foot → feet tooth → teeth [悄悄话: oo变成ee。]

  ⑤ sheep, chinese, japanese单、复数同形 [悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。]

  ⑥ people单数形式表示复数意义,要求谓语动词用复数; people的复数形式peoples通常指"多个民族"。

  三、 不可数名词的家务事

  1. 不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:

  the food is very fresh. 食品很新鲜。

  2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义发生变化。如:

  water (水) → waters (水域)

  orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子)

  3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数,表示种类时就可数,但意义大多不发生变化。如:

  fruit → fruits food → foods

  fish → fishes hair → hairs

   用所给名词的适当形式填空。

  1. how many________(sheep) are there on the hill?

  2. there is some________(food) in the basket.

  3. the baby has only two________(tooth) now.

  4. there is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.

  5. there are five________(people ) in his family.

  6. let's take________(photo), ok?

  7. i have lots of________(tomato) here.

  8. the________(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.

  9. the________(child) are playing games on the playground now.

  10. their________(dictionary) look new.

  11. i see you have a few white________(hair).

  12. they are________(woman) doctors.

  13. can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please?

  14. there are many________(fox) in the picture.

  15. i would like some apple________(juice). i am very thirsty.

  参考答案:

  1. sheep 2. food 3. teeth 4. water 5. people 6. photos 7. tomatoes 8. leaves

  9.children 10.dictionaries 11.hair,hairs 12.women 13.orange 14.foxes 15.juice

  名词可数不可数“六注意”

  一、可数名词是可以用来计数的名词。可数名词有单数和复数形式。如:desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可数名词是不可以直接用来计数的名词。不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:some bread, a little milk等。

  二、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an),表示特指时,前面要用定冠词the;而不可数名词前不能用a(an)修饰,表示特指时,前面一定要用定冠词the。如:he is a factory worker.他是一名工人.no one can see air. 没有人能看见空气。

  三、可数名词和不可数名词前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of 等来修饰,表示"一些,许多"。如:

  there are some oranges on the desk. 桌子上有一些桔子。

  there is a lot of water in the bottle. 瓶里有许多水。

  四、可数名词前可用具体的数词来表示具体的数量。如:two apples, four books等。不可数名词前通常用"单位词+of"来表示数量。如: a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。

  五、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数与主语的单复数保持一致。如:

  this picture is very beautiful. 这幅画很美。

  不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式,但是不可数名词前有复数"单位词"时,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:

  there are two cups of tea on the table. 桌上有两杯茶。

  六、对可数名词前的修饰语提问用how many; 对不可数名词前的修饰语提问用how much。 如:

  how many apples are there in the box?盒子里有多少个苹果?

  how much tea is there in the cup?杯里有多少茶水?

  注意:对不可数名词前的"单位词"的修饰语提问时,疑问词用how many。 如:

  how many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盘子里有多少片面包?

  “行行色色”的名词所有格

  在英语中,特别是表示有生命的名词,可以加's表示所属关系,名词的这种形式我们称之为名词的所有格。

  一、名词词尾加's的所有格

  1. 一般情况在名词后加's。例如: that girl's coat is in the room.

  那个女孩的衣服在房间里。

  2. 在以s结尾的名词(包括以s结尾的复数名词)后面,只加 '。 如果复数名词不是以s结尾的,末尾也要加's。例如:

  today is september 10th, teachers' day. 今天是九月十日,教师节。

  children's day is coming, i should buy something new for my son.

  儿童节马上就要到了,我应该为我的儿子买一些新东西。

  3. 表示词组内的并列名词各自的所有关系时,须在各个名词后加's;如果一个东西为两个人或者两个以上的人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后面加's。例如:

  they are john's and kate's rooms. how beautiful they are! 这是约翰和凯特的房间。它们(指房间)太漂亮了!

  he is lily and lucy's father. 他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。

  4. 表示某人的家、店铺等的所有格,一般可以省略它后面所修饰的名词。

  例如: my father and i will have dinner at the johnson's (home ).

  我爸爸和我将要去约翰逊的家吃晚饭。

  we will have our hair cut at the barber's(shop) tomorrow afternoon.

  明天下午我们要去理发店理发。

  5. 有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇等的名词,也可以加's构成所有格。

  例如: there is something important in today's newspaper.

  今天的报纸上有一些重要的东西。

  it's about ten minutes' walk from school to our home every day.

  每天从学校到我们家步行大约需要十分钟。

  6. 英语名词所有格修饰的词,如果前面已经提到过,后面则可以省略,以防止重复。例如:this is not dick's dictionary, but is tom's.

  这不是迪克的字典,但是是汤姆的。

  二、由of短语构成的所有格

  1. 表示“无生命的名词”一般与of构成短语,表示所有关系。例如:

  there is a river on the other side of the road. 在公路的另一边有一条河。

  2. 有时我们用名词 + of +名词所有格构成双重所有格的形式。例如:

  this is a photo of mr brown's. 这是一张布朗先生的照片。

  不用定冠词”the”的八项纪律

  一、定冠词不与表示一类人或事物的复数名词连用。例如:

  1. i like reading the books.()  i like reading books.(√)

  2. she likes the cats.()   she likes cats.(√)

  二、定冠词不能用在某些习惯用语中的名词前面。例如:

  1. i have lunch at the noon.()  i have lunch at noon.(√)

  2. we go to school by the bus.()  we go to school by bus.(√)

  三、定冠词不能用在某些专用名词和不可数名词前面。例如:

  1. i like the china.()   i like china.(√)

  2. would you like a cup of the water? ()

  would you like a cup of water?(√)

  四、定冠词不能用在节日、日期、月份、季节前面。例如:

  1. today is the teachers’ day. () today is teachers’ day.(√)

  2. he was born in the may in 1987. () he was born in may in 1987. (√)

  五、定冠词不能用在表示称呼语或某些头衔的名词前面(尤其作表语、宾补时)。

  例如: 1. good morning, the sir!() good morning, sir! (√)

  2. i need some help, the mummy.() i need some help, mummy.(√)

  六、定冠词不能与名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等

  代词连用。例如: 1. this the pen is mine. () this pen is mine.(√)

  2. i have the some money. () i have some money. (√)

  七、定冠词不能用在表示科目名词的前面。例如:

  1. we will learn the chinese, the history and the maths this afternoon. ()

  we will learn chinese, history and maths this afternoon.(√)

  2. the english is the most interesting of all the subjects.()

  english is the most interesting of all the subjects.(√)

  八、定冠词不能用在三餐和球类运动名词的前面。例如:

  1. she goes to school after the breakfast every morning.()

  she goes to school after breakfast every morning.(√)

  2. we often play the football after school. ()

  we often play football after school. (√)

  介词 for 的用法小结

  1. 表示“当作、作为”。如:

  i like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。

  what will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么?

  2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:

  thank you for helping me with my english. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。

  thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。

  thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。

  3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如:

  let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。

  watching tv too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。

  4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:

  i usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。

  we will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。

  5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如:

  let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。

  i came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。

  i paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。

  6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如:

  it’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。

  here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。

  7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如:

  are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划?

  8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如:

  who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?

  for example, mr green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。

  并列连词“欢聚一堂”

  mr. and:大家好!我是and,把英语句子翻译成汉语时大家经常看不见我的影子,可是在英语中却必不可少。我的任务是把两个或两个以上的有并列关系、动作先后关系或者是有条件和结果关系的句子连接起来。

  after lunch aunt huang came in and she looked worried. 午饭后黄阿姨进来了,她看起来很着急。(表示并列关系)

  mary brushed her teech and she went to bed.

  玛丽刷完牙,然后上床睡觉。(表示动作先后关系)

  use your head, and you'll find a good way. 动动脑筋,你就会找到好的方法。(表示条件和结果)该句相当于if you use your head, you'll find a good way.

  "祈使句,+and + 一般将来时的句子"这是一个固定句型,表示"如果做到了祈使句表示的事情,就会有后面句子表示的结果。"如:

  work hard, and you will pass the exam. 努力学习,你就会通过考试。

  miss but:hello, everyone! 我是miss but。我的工作是把两个意思相反或相对的句子连接起来。我的同事还有:yet (可是),while (而)等。大家请看:

  i heard a big noise and i looked out, but i didn't see anything.

  我听到一声巨响,就往外看,但是我什么也没看见。

  i'm poor, but i always enjoy myself. 我很穷,但是我总是过得很开心。

  my elder brother likes playing basketball while i like playing football. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球,而我喜欢踢足球。

  我是mr. so. "因此"、"所以"就是我的口头禅。我能迅速地把含有因果关系的两个简单句连接起来。下面请看我的才艺表演。

  this is our first lesson, so i don't know all your names.

  这是我们的第一节课,因此并不是所有人的名字我都知道。

  i am rich, so i can buy myself lots of nice things.

  我很富裕,所以我能给自己买很多好东西。

  我有一个好朋友mr. for,他的性格与我很相似,他也喜欢寻根究底,只不过他注重原因,我注重结果。

  he shook his head, for he thought differently.

  他摇头(表示否决),因为他有不同的见解。

  我是miss or,我是一个和蔼可亲的人,一般情况下我不会强迫某人去做某一件事情,我可以让他(她)自己做出选择。有时,我也会比较严厉,这时候我会用命令的语气说"做好某事,否则(要不然)就会……"。让我给大家献个"丑"吧!

  you may do it yourself, or you can ask someone to help you.

  你可以自己做,你也可以请人来帮你。

  work hard, or you can't pass the exam.(= if you don't work hard,

  you can't pass the exam.)努力学习,否则你就会考试不及格。

  "祈使句,+ or + 一般将来时的句子"是一个固定句型,表示"如果不做到祈使句表示的事情,就会有后面句子表示的结果。"

  并列句的特点是:并列句必须由两个或两个以上的主语、谓语结构组成,并且它们之间互不依从,通常它们之间由并列连词连接,去掉连词后它们都可以独立成句。

  如果一个主语有两个或两个以上的谓语动词;或者有两个或两个以上的主语,却只有一个谓语动词不是并列句。例如:

  he closed the window, put on his coat, opened the door and went out.

  他关上窗户,穿上大衣,打开门出去了。

  jim , tom and i are in the same class. 我和吉姆、汤姆在同一个班。

  巩固练习:

  1. be careful, _________ you will fall off the tree.

  a. so b. or c. but d. and

  2. never give up, _____ you'll make it. a. and b. but c. or d. yet

  3. lucy and lily are twins. lucy likes playing basketball,

  _________ lily doesn't. a. and b. as c. but d. or

  4. mr brown knows little japanese, _________ he can't understand the instructions(用法说明)on the bottle of the pills.

  a. so b. or c. but d. for

  5. my uncle doesn't have much money, ______ he always enjoys himself.

  a. but b. so c. and d. or

  介词 for 的用法小结

  1. 表示“当作、作为”。如:

  i like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。

  what will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么?

  2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如:

  thank you for helping me with my english. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。

  thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。

  thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。

  3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如:

  let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。

  watching tv too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。

  4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:

  i usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。

  we will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。

  5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如:

  let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。

  i came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。

  i paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。

  6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。

  如: it’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。

  here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。

  7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如:

  are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划?

  8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如:

  who are you waiting for? 你在等谁?

  for example, mr green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。

  with 用法全屏显示

  with 是介词,但其意义颇多,一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪,请允许我以教材中的句子为例,进行分类,并配以简单的解释,为同学作一个全屏显示。你们可要看好哟!

  1. 带着,牵着…… (表动作特征)。如:

  run with the kite like this.

  2. 附加、附带着……(表事物特征)。如:

  a glass of apple juice, two glasses of coke, two hamburgers with potato chips, rice and fish.

  3. 和…… (某人)一起。

  a. 跟某人一起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交谈……) 。如:

  now i am in china with my parents.

  sometimes we go out to eat with our friends.

  he / she's talking with a friend.

  b. 跟go, come 连用,有 "加入"到某方的意思。如:

  do you want to come with me?

  4. 和play一起构成短语动词play

  with 意为"玩耍……,玩弄……" 如:

  two boys are playing with their yo-yos.

  5. 与help 一起构成 help...with...句式,意为"帮助 (某人) 做 (某事)"。如:

  on monday and wednesday, he helps his friends with their english.

  6. 表示面部神情,有"含着……,带着……" 如:

  "i'm late for school," said sun yang, with tears in his eyes.

  7. 表示 "用……" 如:

  you play it with your feet. what do the farmers do with your machines?

  8. 表示 "对……, 关于……"。如:

  what's wrong with it? there's something wrong with my computer.

  一般现在时自述

  一般现在时, 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如:the sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如:i get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。

  3.表示客观现实。如:the earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

  第二,请看我的面目--构成:

  1. be动词:主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:

  i am a boy.我是一个男孩。

  2.行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:

  we study english.我们学习英语。

  当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:mary likes chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。

  第三,我的变化--否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句:

  1. be动词的变化。

  否定句:主语+ be + not +其它。

  如:he is not a worker.他不是工人。

  一般疑问句:be +主语+其它。

  如:-are you a student?

  -yes. i am. / no, i'm not.

  特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:where is my bike?

  2.行为动词的变化。

  否定句:主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。如:

  i don't like bread.

  当主语为第三人称单数时,要用doesn't构成否定句。如:

  he doesn't often play.

  一般疑问句:do( does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。如:

  - do you often play football?

  - yes, i do. / no, i don't.

  当主语为第三人称单数时,要用does构成一般疑问句。如:

  - does she go to work by bike?

  - yes, she does. / no, she doesn't.

  特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:how does your father go to work?

  揭开“第三人称单数”的秘密

  一、第三人称代词 he, she, it 作主语时。例如:

  she is very good at english. 她英语学得好。

  he studies in a middle school. 他在一所中学学习。

  二、单独使用的人名、地名或称呼语作主语时。例如:

  jim often plays football with his friends.吉姆经常和他的朋友们踢足球。

  does uncle wang like making things? 王叔叔喜欢做东西吗?

  三、不可数名词作主语时。例如:

  is there any juice in the bottle? 瓶里有果汁吗?

  四、单数可数名词作主语时。例如:

  the box is in your room. 箱子在你的房间里。

  what is that girl doing over there? 那女孩在那边干什么?

  五、单个数字、算式或单个字母作主语时。例如:

  three plus nine is twelve. 三加九等于十二。

  "i" is an english letter. "i" 是个英语字母。

  六、指示代词this, that等作主语时。例如:

  this is her red pen. 这是她的红钢笔。

  七、代词one作主语时。例如:

  one of them is watching tv. 他们中的一个人正在看电视。

  八、不定代词something, anything, nothing 等作主语时。例如:

  there's something wrong with the computer. 这台电脑坏了。

  “一般过去时”登台亮相

  i. 一般过去时的概念

  一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:last year, yesterday等; 也可表示过去经常反复发生的动作,常和often, always等频率副词连用。

  例如:①i saw him in the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上看见他了。

  ②li mei always went to school on foot last year. 去年李梅总是步行上学。

  ii. 一般过去时的构成

  我们主要来学习谓语动词为实义动词的一般过去时的构成。

  动词过去式的构成:

  (1)规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则:

  ①一般在动词原形末尾直接加上-ed。如:look-looked。

  ②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去e再加-ed。如:live-lived。

  ③末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed。如:stop-stopped。

  ④末尾是辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,然后再加-ed。如:study-studied。

  (2)不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。如:am(is)-was, are-were, go-went, come-came, take-took, have (has)-had等。

  iii. 一般过去时的几种句型

  肯定句结构为:主语+动词的过去式+其它。如:he went to the toy store yesterday. 他昨天去玩具店了。

  否定句结构为:主语+did not (didn't)+动词原形+其它。如:he didn't go to the toy store yesterday. 他昨天没去玩具店。

  一般过去时的一般疑问句的构成:did+主语+动词原形+其它?如:

  1) -did you go to beijing last week? -yes, we did. (no, we didn't.)

  2) -did you meet the businessman before? -no, i didn't. (yes, i did.)

  一般过去时的特殊疑问句的构成:疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它?如:

  1) -what did you do last night? -i did my homework.

  2) -where did you go last week? -i went to shanghai with my parents.

  一般过去时口诀

  一般过去时并不难,表示过去动作、状态记心间。

  动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站。

  否定句很简单,didn't 站在动词原形前,其它部分不要变。

  一般疑问句也好变,did放在句子前,主语、动词原形、其它部分依次站。

  特殊疑问句也简单,疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。

  最后一条请注意,动词过去式要牢记。

  一般将来时小精灵

  "一般将来时",表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

  "be going to",由三个词组成。这三个词分开来都有自己的意思。但组合在一起,只表示"打算,将要"。其中"be"根据主语的人称变化派出"is,am,are"。"to"是"不定式符号",跟在它后面的动词必须是动词原形.几种句型。

  一、 陈述句(肯定句)

  在肯定句中,主语+be(am / is / are) + going to +动词原形+其它。如:

  1、i am going to work hard this term.我打算这学期努力学习。

  2、he is going to buy a new cd after school.我放学后要去买张新cd。

  3、they are going to visit their teacher tommrow.他们明天要去看望他们的老师。

  在否定句要在be的后面加not.不信你来瞧:

  1、i am not going to play football after school.我不打算踢足球。

  2、she is not going to watch tv this afternool.今天下午她不打算看电视。

  3、we are not going to the cinema at night.我们今晚不看电影。

  二、一般疑问句

  是:be(am is are)+主语+going to+动词原形+其它,如:

  1、 are you going to read books tonight? -yes, i am. -no, i am not.

  2、is he going to buy a comic book this morning?-yes, he is.-no, he is not.

  三、特殊疑问句

  疑问词+be(am is are)+主语+ going to+动词原形+其它,如:

  1、what is she going to do this evening?

  she is going to visit her grandparents.

  2、what are they going to do tomorrow?

  they are going to play football.

  其次,和他出现的朋友还有以下特征:this morning, this afternoon, this evening, at night, tomorrow, this weekend, next week,soon等表示将来时间的词语。

  还有,我有时会偷懒的,如表示你将要去哪儿的句子时:

  i am going to the park this morning.

  where are you going this weekend?

  现在进行时自述

  hello, boys and girls. nice to see you again. 现在进行时,用来表示正在进行或发生的动作。结构是:be (am, is, are)+动词现在分词形式,几种句型:

  一、陈述句(肯定句)

  主语+be (am, is, are)+现在分词,如:

  i am reading english.我正在读英语。

  he is writing.他正在写字。 you are running.你正在跑步。

  二、一般疑问句

  be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词, 如:

  1. -are you singing?你正在唱歌吗? -yes, i am.是的,我在唱歌。

  (no, i'm not.不,我不在唱歌。)

  2. -is he (she) listening to music?他(她)在听音乐吗?

  -yes, he (she) is.是的,他(她)在听音乐。

  [no, he (she) isn't.不,他(她)不在听音乐。]

  三、特殊疑问句

  疑问词+be (am, is, are)+主语+现在分词,如:

  1. -what are you doing?你正在干什么?

  -i am doing my homework.我正在做作业。

  2. -what is he (she) doing?他(她)正在干什么?

  -he (she) is riding a bike.他(她)正在骑自行车。

  其次,"我"向你们介绍"我"的三位好伙伴: look(看)、listen(听)、now(现在),它们和"我"经常出现在句子中。请看:

  look! jack is swimming.看!杰克正在游泳。

  listen! she is singing.听!她正在唱歌。

  i am cleaning my room now.现在我正在打扫房间。

  听了"我"的自述后,小朋友们,你们一定更加了解"我"了吧。

  最后,请你们用"现在进行时”翻译下面的句子。

  1. 看!我弟弟正在游泳。 2. 听,我妹妹正在唱歌。 3. 我妈妈现在正在做饭。

  4. 他正在放风筝吗?是的,他正在放风筝。 5. 你在干什么?我正在写字。

  陈述句的故事

  陈述句是用来叙述一个事实。其特点是句末用句号".",朗读时通常用降调"↘"。

  陈述句家族中有"两兄弟":老大是肯定句,老二是否定句。

  老大肯定句,对人对事都持有肯定的态度,常说的三句话是:

  1.i am tom .我是汤姆。[系动词be型]

  2.i have an apple.我有一个苹果。[have/has(有)动词型]

  3.i like playing football.我喜欢踢足球。[实义动词型]

  4.i can cook the meals.我会做菜。[情态动词型]

  老二否定句,对人对事总是持有否定的态度,和大哥肯定句唱反调。老二常把大哥的话加上"不"字,不信,请听:

  1.i am not tom.我不是汤姆。 2.i have not an apple.我没有苹果。

  3.i don't like playing football.我不喜欢踢足球。

  4.i can’t cook the meals.我不会做菜.

  1、i’m is a student. 2、he is go to school at 7:00. 3、i can playing football.

  一般疑问句

  1. 概念---能用yes / no(或相当于yes / no)回答的问句叫一般疑问句。

  2. 含系动词be的一般疑问句的构成

  具体地说,就是当陈述句中有am /is / are时,可直接将它们提至主语前,但如遇第一人称,最好将其置换成第二人称。如:

  i'm in class 2, grade 1. →are you in class 2, grade 1? 你是在一年级二班吗?

  3. 含情态动词的一般疑问句的构成

  一般疑问句面前人人平等:情态动词与am / is / are一样,也可直接将它们提至主语前,所以问题迎刃而解了。如:

  i can spell it. →can you spell it? 你会拼写它吗?

  4. 含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成

  含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成稍微有点讲究,要在句首加do;如逢主语为第三人称单数,谓语动词为一般现在时单数第三人称形式"v-(e)s"时,奉does为座上宾并要变回原形(如has→have,likes→like等);有时陈述句中的some还要变作any等。如:

  she lives in beijing. →does she live in beijing? 她住在北京吗?

  i like english. →do you like english? 你喜欢英语吗?

  there are some books on my desk.→are there any books on your desk?

  5. 少数口语化的一般疑问句

  如问一个与前文相同的问句时,可省略成"and you?"或"what / how about...?"等;甚至只抓关键词,读作升调。如:your pen? 你的钢笔?

  6. 小插曲:一般疑问句的语调

  大部分的一般疑问句都应读作升调(↗),并落在最后一个单词身上。

  如:is it a chinese car↗?

  7. 一般疑问句的应答

  用yes / no(或相当于yes / no的词)回答,并怎么问怎么答(句首为情态动词am / is / are还是do /does),简略回答时要注意缩写(否定的n't)和采用相应的人称代词以避免重复:即"yes,主语(代词)+情态动词或am / is / are或do / does."表示肯定;"no,主语(代词)+情态动词或am / is / are或者do / does not(n't)."表示否定。如:

  ① -is mary a japanese girl? 玛丽是日本女孩吗?

  -yes, she is. / no, she isn't. 是的,她是。/不,她不是。

  ② -can lily speak chinese? 莉莉会说中国话吗?

  -no, she can't. / sorry, i don't know. 不,她不会。/对不起,我不知道。

  ③ -do you like english? 你喜欢英语吗? -yes, very much. 是的,非常喜欢。

  how 疑问句一家子的“实话实说”

  how疑问句一家子 (how携how much, how often 等上台。)

  how, 主要用来引导特殊疑问句,可以询问身体健康。如:

  how is your mother today? 你妈妈今天身体好吗?

  我还可以询问交通方式。

  如:how does li lei usually go to school? 李雷通常怎样去学校?

  另外我也可以询问天气。如:how is the weather today? 今天天气怎么样?

  that's all. thank you.

   how后面跟不同的形容词或副词,同样可以引导含义不同的特殊疑问句,

  如how old, how long, how often 等。

  【how old】主要用来询问年龄。如:how old is mr wang? 王先生多大年龄?

  当然,也可以用来询问建筑物的年头、历史等。如:

  how old is this bridge? 这座桥有多少年的历史了?

  【how long】用来询问长度。如:how long is the yellow river? 黄河有多长?

  【how often】how long,还能询问时间长短呢!如:

  how long does it take you to go to work by bike every day?

  你每天骑自行车上班花多长时间?

  【how often】主要用来对动作发生的频率进行提问。如:

  how often do you go to see your grandma? 你多长时间去看你的奶奶?

  【how many】主要对可数名词的数量进行提问。如:

  how many people are there in your family? 你家里有几口人?

  【how much】只能问不可数名词的量,如:

  how much water is there in the bottle? 瓶子里有多少水?

  选择疑问句大显神通

  选择疑问句,是向对方提问两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种回答的问句。讲话时供选择的项目除最后一个用降调结尾外,其余的项目要用升调。

  一、一般疑问句的选择疑问句

  1. 供选择的两个项目连在一起。如:

  is your brother tall or short? 你的弟弟高还是矮? he is tall.

  2. 第二个选项放在句末。如:

  will you plant trees or watch tv this morning? 今天上午你植树还是看电视?

  ---i will plant trees.

  二、特殊疑问句的选择疑问句

  1. 特殊疑问句在前,选择内容在后。如:

  which do you like best, dogs, cats or monkeys? 你最喜欢哪一个,

  狗、猫还是猴子? ---i like dogs best.

  2. 选择内容在前,特殊疑问句在后。如:

  is it coffee, or tea or what? 这是咖啡,是茶,还是什么? ---it is juice.

  3. 在两个选择项目中,说话人不想指明第二个选择内容,讲话时可用or something代替,让听话人自己讲出正确答案。如:

  how much is thirteen plus eight? well, is it twenty or something?

  十三加八是多少?是二十还是什么?

  ---it is twenty-one

  感叹句工厂

  一、由what引导的感叹句。其结构为:what+a(an)+形容词+名词+(主语+谓语),如:

  what an interesting story it is !多有趣的故事啊!

  what a lovely day it is!多好的天气啊!

  what interesting books they are!多有趣的书啊!

  what bad weather it is!多坏的天气啊! what a beautiful girl!多漂亮的女孩啊!

  在口语中,这类感叹句有时常省略主语和谓语,如:

  what a big fish!多大的一条语啊 what a pretty girl!多秀丽的女孩啊!

  what a beautiful bird!多么漂亮的一只鸟啊!

  二、由how引导的感叹句。其结构为:how+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语!如:

  how big the dining room is!餐厅真大啊!

  how lovely the girls are!这些女孩真可爱!

  how beautiful those flowers are!这些花真美啊!

  how well she dances!她跳得真好呀! how hard he studies!他学习多么努力啊!

  how carefully li yan listens!李艳听得多么认真啊!

  在口语中,这类感叹句有时常省略主语和谓语,只保留感叹部分。如:

  how clean! 真干净! how fast!多么快啊!

  完成感叹句: 1. ________ ________the listening room is!(语音室真大呀!)

  2. ________ ________ the park is!(公园多么美丽啊!)

  3. ________ ________ she sings!(她唱得太好了!)

  特殊疑问句

  1. 定义

  以特殊疑问词开头,对陈述句中的某一部分提出疑问 / 进行发问的句子叫特殊疑问句。

  2. 特殊疑问词全搜索

  一句话: wh-开头外加能与之结伴同行的名词; how及它的形容词兄弟姐妹们,即如:

  what(什么),why(为什么),who(谁), where(哪里), which(哪一个), what class(什么课), what time(什么时间), what number(什么号码); how(怎么样),how many(多少), how old(多大), how much(多少)等。

  3. 特殊疑问句的构成特殊疑问句由"特殊疑问词+一般疑问句"构成:

  how old are you? 你多大了?

  what's this in english? 这个用英语怎么讲?

  但特殊疑问句有时也要"特殊解":即如果问的是主语或主语的定语时,这时的特殊疑问句看起来成了"特殊疑问词(+主语)+陈述句"。如:

  who's not here today? 今天谁没来?

  which pen is red? 哪枝钢笔是红色的?

  4. 特殊疑问句的语调小插件

  一般说来,特殊疑问句都要读成降调(↘),并往往让最后一个单词承担此重任。如:

  what row are you in(↘)? 你在第几排?

  where is"e" (↘)? "e"在哪里?

  5. 对特殊疑问句的答复小扫描

  回答特殊疑问句,不能用"yes / no";但可用"到什么山上唱什么歌"来形容对特殊疑问句的应答- -即问什么答什么(尤其是简略回答更明显)。如:

  -how old is your sister? 你妹妹今年多大了?

  -she's only five. / only five. (她)才5岁。

  根据答句写问句。

  1、my bag is under the chair. 2、he’s eleven. 3、i’m a bus driver.

  4、li yan is not here. 5、this pencil-case is 5 yuan. 6、you can take a bus.

  同学们在学习英语时是否注意到英语的疑问句和汉语有所不同?英语中的疑问句有一种是以what, who, where, how等开头的疑问句,这类疑问句便叫做特殊疑问句,而这些表示疑问的词叫疑问词。为了掌握特殊疑问句,还是让我们一起来勇闯三关吧!

  第一关: 疑问词关

  询问的内容不同,我们所使用的疑问词便不同。问物用what,问(电话)号码也用what,问人用who,问地点用where,问年龄用how old,问身体情况用how,问年级则用what grade等。例如:

  1. -what's that in english? -it's a book.

  2. -how old are you? -i'm fourteen.

  第二关: 语序关

  英语中疑问句一般应用倒装语序,即将动词be(can等)放在主语的前面。特殊疑问句的语序还应注意将特殊疑问词放在句首。例如:

  1. where are you from? 2. how is your father?

  当然,如果疑问词在句中作主语,则其后直接跟上动词。例如:who is lin ying?

  第三关: 回答关

  对特殊疑问句进行回答往往不可用yes或no,而应根据它所询问的内容直接作出回答。 例如:-what class are you in?  -i'm in class nine.

  回答时,问句中的名词在答句中常用代词代替,this和that指物常用it来代替,these和those指人或指物时常用 they来代替。例如:

  1. -where is mr wang from? -he is from beijing.

  2. -what are these? -they are boxes.

  当然我们还应注意,在朗读时特殊疑问句应用降调。例如:

  how old is your english↘teacher?

  there be 结构的用法

  there be句型有特点,主语放在be后边,

  多个主语并列时,be随最近主语变。

  变疑问很简单,把be提到there前。

  变否定也不难,be的后面not添。

  肯定句中用some, 疑问、否定any换。

  介词短语表地点,"有"表"存在"记心间。

  there be在主语前,have/has在主语后。

  多个主语并列时,there be随第一主语变。

  并列主语表"所有",要用have是正理。

  there be表"存在", have/has表"所有"。

  have“有”何烦恼

  动词have,基本的涵义是"有",强调"所属关系",表示"拥有"。如:

  i have a computer.我有一台电脑。

  但有些同学一见到我就译成"有",那你就大错而特错了,其实我的用法除意为"有"之外,还有不少其它涵义呢。请看:

  1.作"买"讲。如:

  i want to have a kilo of meat.我想买一公斤肉。

  2.作"用;作用;借用"讲,如:

  excuse me, may i have your pen?打扰了,我可以用用你的钢笔吗?

  3.我加上表示食品、饮料等名词,意为"吃;喝"=(eat,drink)。如:

  i have /eat an egg for breakfast.我早餐吃一个鸡蛋。

  4.在我后面加上表示某种活动的名词,意为"举行;进行"。如:

  the students are having a class.学生们在上课。

  5.我还可作"邀请;招待"讲。如:

  thank you for having me.感谢你们邀请我。

  6.我善交朋友,还可与其它词构成一些常见的固定搭配。如:

  have a rest休息一会儿,have a good time过得愉快,have a look,看一看,have a talk交谈, have a meeting开会等等。

   第三人称单数不是在词尾直接加s (haves ),而是has,have和has在否定句、疑问句中,要借助助动词do, does构成疑问句,借助don't, doesn't构成否定句。并把has还原成have。 如: lily has some red pencils.

  (否定句)lily doesn't have any red pencils.

  (疑问句)does lily have any red pencils?

  have的否定句、疑问句也可以不借助于助动词,而直接在have和has后

  加not构成否定句或将have和has提到句首构成疑问句。不过这种变法

  只有have和has作"有"讲时才能用,千万别变错呀!如:

  1. i have an eraser.

  (否定句)i haven't an eraser. (疑问句)do you have an eraser?

  2. we have lunch at school.

  误:we have not lunch at school. 正:we don't have lunch at school.

  do 的四作用

  动词do在句中的作用可以概述为四句十二字:"做"实义,助动词,替前文,强语气。

  作用一:实义do

  do作实义动词时,有do, does, did, done, doing五种形式,还有及物、不及物之分。如:

  1. vt. "做;研究;整理;完成"。如:

  ①the old man does an hour of sport every day.

  ②she did her homework at home last night.

  ③mother was doing the cooking when i reached home.

  ④have you done the exercises yet?

  2. vi. "行动;工作;进展;足够"。如:

  ① kate does very well in her chinese.

  ② how do you do? ③ well done! ④ that will do.

  作用二:助动do

  do作助动词时,只有do, does, did三种形式,无词义,限用于含行为动词的一般现在时和一般过去时两种时态的否定句和疑问句中。如:

  ①they don't have any tickets for tonight's concert.

  ②kate stayed at home last night, didn't she?

  ③how many books does the library have?

  ④she doesn't do the washing in the evening.

  作用三:替代do

  为避免动词的重复,使语言简练,常以do, does, did替代前文所用的行为动词。如:

  ①tom runs much faster than you do.

  ②-lucy, can you get some more tea, please? -sure. i'll do it right away.

  ②-who broke the cup?  -mimi did.

  ③-i like bananas. -so does he.

  作用四:语气do

  为突出感情色彩,do常用于祈使句、强调句和倒装句中,以加强语气。如:

  ① do be careful. ② don't tell a lie.

  ③ he did come.

  ④ -you often go to the park. -so we do.

  愁眉不展的助动词did

  1. 到底何时使用did?

  did和其它助动词一样,本身无意义,自己不能独立作谓语,只能和其它主要动词一起构成谓语,用于构成一般过去时的否定句和疑问句,当然也常常用于代替上文中的行为动词的过去式。如:

  i didn't go to school last sunday. 上周日我没上学。

  did you buy a new pen yesterday? 昨天你买了枝新钢笔吗?

  2. did身后的动词到底用什么形式?

  有的小朋友总不注意did身后的动词用什么形式,在否定句和疑问句中,

  did身后的动词必须用原形。 “他昨天没有在家吃午饭。”

  [误] he didn't had lunch at home yesterday.

  [正] he didn't have lunch at home yesterday.

  3. 我能用be动词代替吗?

  不管怎么说,含有行为(实义)动词的一般过去时的肯定句变成否定句或疑问句时,不能用be动词,必须用到did!含be动词的句子构成否定句或疑问句都绝不会让

  did露面! 例句:they went to the park last week. (改为否定句)

  [误] they weren't go to the park last week.

  [正] they didn't go to the park last week.

  be 的四功能 be是一个多功能动词,在初级英语里可见四种用法:

  功能一,系动词be

  be为连系动词,中心词义是"是",句型为"主+系+表"结构。be的形式常用am, is, are(现在式);was, were(过去式);will/can/may/must be(助动词/情态动词+原形);have/has/had been(助动词+过去分词)等。如:

  to help animals is helping people.(一般现在时)

  the twins were very busy yesterday.(一般过去时)

  it will be sunny tomorrow.(一般将来时)

  she has been ill for over a week.(现在完成时)

  功能二,助动词be

  助动词be,无词义,辅助主要动词一起在句中作谓语动词。用法如下:

  1. be+doing:构成进行时态,有现在和过去两种进行时态。如:

  the girls is reading and copying the new words now.

  young tom was always asking questions and trying out new ideas.

  2. be+done:构成被动语态(主语是动作的承受者,done必须是及物动词)。如:

  tea is grown in my hometown.(一般现在时的被动语态)

  this building was built three years ago.(一般过去时的被动语态)

  our classroom has been cleaned and tidied already.(现在完成时的被动语态)

  how could this kind of cakes be made in your home?(含情态动词的被动语态)

  that is a day never to be forgotten.(动词不定式的被动语态)

  3. be+going to do,表示"打算或将要做某事",be有现在和过去两种形式。如:

  we are going to plant trees in the park.

  i didn't know if she was going to come here.

  4. be+to do,表示"按计划安排将要做某事"。如:

  the new shop is not to be opened till next monday.

  one night an angel came to mary and told her that she was to have this special boy.

  功能三,there be

  there be句式为:there be+主语部分+状语部分,表示"某处存在某物",be常用现在时,过去时和将来时等。如:

  oh, cool! and there are many things to see. there is even a deer park in sanya.

  there are about 80 pyramids in egypt.

  will there be a football match in your school next week?

  功能四,实义be

  可以将be视为实义动词,因为它具有实际的词义,如"成为;做;发生;举行;逗留;到达"等。如:

  his daughter wants to be a doctor for animals in her twenties.

  kate's birthday party will be at half past six this evening.

  jim has been in china for more than two years, but he has not yet been to yichang.

  打开“like文档”

  like既可作动词,又可作介词。在使用它时要好好分辨它的词性。否则,还真容易混淆。下面是我为大家创建的"like文档",打开它,like用法一目了然。

  【文档1】like作动词,意为"喜欢;爱好"。

  1.like+名词(代词)表示"喜欢某人或某物"。

  【操练】mary likes apples a lot. 玛丽非常喜欢苹果。

  2.like doing (sth.) 表示"喜欢做某事",它侧重于经常性地喜欢做某事。

  【操练】she likes reading. 她喜欢阅读。

  3.like to do (sth.) 表示"喜欢做(某事)",它侧重于具体的、一次性的动作或行为,也表示偶然喜欢做某事。

  【操练】i like playing football, but i like to play basketball today. 我喜欢踢足球,但今天我喜欢打篮球。

  4. would like sth. / would like to do sth.表示"想要某物"/"想要做某事"。would like短语相当于want,但它比want的语气更委婉。

  【操练】i would like some cakes. 我想要些蛋糕。

  i would like to have dumplings. 我想吃饺子。

  5.would like sb. to do sth.表示"想要某人做某事"。

  【操练】i'd like you to go shopping with me.我想要你和我一起去购物。

  【相关链接】表示喜欢的程度。如"很(非常)喜欢",可在句式后加上a lot, a little或very much等。表示"不喜欢(做某事)……",可用"don't / doesn't like (doing/ to do sth.)",有时我们可在其后加上at all来表示不喜欢的程度。

  【文档2】like作介词,意为"跟……一样;像……"。

  1.like后接名词、代词作宾语。

  【操练】don't throw it like this. 不要像这样扔。

  2.like分别与be和look构成be like,look like短语意为"看来像……一样"。

  【操练】she is like her mother. 她长得像她的母亲。

  some 与 any

  some和any都有"一些"的含义,都能修饰可数名词和不可数名词,但用法却大有不同。

  some 一般用在肯定句中。

  如: there are some girls in the classroom. 教室里有一些女孩。

  some有时也用于疑问句,表示期望得到肯定回答,并不表示对某事有疑问。

  如: will you give me some ink? 请给我一些墨水好吗?

  any一般用于疑问句和否定句中。

  如: are there any maps on the wall? 墙上有地图吗? there aren't any trees behind the house. 房子后面没有树。

  请用some和any填空,使句意完整。

  1. are there ______ bananas in the bag?

  2. there are ______ goats under the tree.

  3. there aren't ______ people on the bus.

  4. there are ______ roses on the table.

   “多少”须计较

  【how many】后只用复数名词, 如: 你有多少本故事书?

  【误】how many storybook do you have? 【误】how much storybook do you have?

  【正】 how many storybooks do you have?

  他想要多少块面包?

  【误】 how many piece of bread does he want?

  【误】 how much piece of bread does he want?

  【正】 how many pieces of bread does he want?

  【how much】how much , 在"多少"的问题上,用于修饰不可数名词,

  你需要多少肉?

  【误】 how many meat do you need? 【正】 how much meat do you need?

  请大家评评理,看看我们到底谁对!另外,问"多少钱",用“how much”。

  如:how much was your pen? 你的钢笔多少钱?

  how much are those things? 那些东西多少钱?